Knowledge Graph · Treatment
Menopausal Hormone Therapy
Systemic or local hormone therapy used to treat menopausal symptoms.
Authoritative sources
Evidence base
Observational Cohort Study · 2023 · Landmark
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Dementia
BMJ · Pourhadi N, Mørch LS, Holm EA, et al.
A large Danish study suggested a small association between long-term HRT and dementia risk, but experts caution the study cannot prove HRT causes dementia and contradicts other evidence.
Position Statement · 2022 · Landmark
The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
Menopause · The NAMS 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement Advisory Panel
The most-cited modern clinical guideline: for most women in early menopause with bothersome symptoms, the benefits of HRT outweigh the risks.
Randomized Controlled Trial · 2016 · Landmark
Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol
New England Journal of Medicine · Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Henderson VW, et al. (ELITE Trial)
This trial provided direct evidence for the "timing hypothesis": starting HRT early in menopause protects arteries, while starting it late does not.
Randomized Controlled Trial · 2015 · Landmark
Effects of Hormone Therapy on Cognition and Mood in Recently Postmenopausal Women
PLoS Medicine · Gleason CE, Dowling NM, Wharton W, et al. (KEEPS Cognitive and Affective Study)
When hormone therapy is started early in menopause, it does not appear to harm memory or thinking, and may improve mood.
Randomized Controlled Trial · 2004 · Landmark
Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women with Hysterectomy
JAMA · Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al.
For women without a uterus, estrogen-only therapy showed a much more favorable risk profile than the combined therapy arm.
Randomized Controlled Trial · 2002 · Landmark
Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
JAMA · Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. (Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative)
The Women's Health Initiative was the landmark trial that reshaped how doctors prescribe hormone therapy after menopause. Later re-analyses showed the risk profile is very different for women who start HRT closer to menopause.
Systematic Review · 2026
Menopause and Common Dermatoses: A Systematic Review
American journal of clinical dermatology · Roster K, Fleshner L, Karatas TB, Ecanow A, et al.
Randomized Controlled Trial · 2025
JAMA internal medicine · Rossouw JE, Aragaki AK, Manson JE, Szmuilowicz ED, et al.
Systematic Review · 2024
A systematic review and critical appraisal of menopause guidelines
BMJ sexual & reproductive health · Hemachandra C, Taylor S, Islam RM, Fooladi E, et al.
Systematic Review · 2024
Progestogens for endometrial protection in combined menopausal hormone therapy: A systematic review
Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · Stute P, Walker LJ, Eicher A, Pavicic E, et al.
Meta-Analysis · 2024
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on cognition
Frontiers in endocrinology · Andy C, Nerattini M, Jett S, Carlton C, et al.
Meta-Analysis · 2024
The unique risk factor profile of triple-negative breast cancer: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Journal of the National Cancer Institute · Kumar N, Ehsan S, Banerjee S, Fernandez Perez C, et al.
Systematic Review · 2023
Frontiers in aging neuroscience · Nerattini M, Jett S, Andy C, Carlton C, et al.
Meta-Analysis · 2023
Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK
Systematic Review · 2021
Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review
PLoS medicine · Zhang GQ, Chen JL, Luo Y, Mathur MB, et al.
Where Menopausal Hormone Therapy appears on Kindr Health
Data hub
This page is part of Kindr Health's public Knowledge Graph. Content is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice.